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traefik/docs/basics.md

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Concepts

Let's take our example from the overview again:

Imagine that you have deployed a bunch of microservices on your infrastructure. You probably used a service registry (like etcd or consul) and/or an orchestrator (swarm, Mesos/Marathon) to manage all these services. If you want your users to access some of your microservices from the Internet, you will have to use a reverse proxy and configure it using virtual hosts or prefix paths:

  • domain api.domain.com will point the microservice api in your private network
  • path domain.com/web will point the microservice web in your private network
  • domain backoffice.domain.com will point the microservices backoffice in your private network, load-balancing between your multiple instances

Architecture

Let's zoom on Træfɪk and have an overview of its internal architecture:

Architecture

  • Incoming requests end on entrypoints, as the name suggests, they are the network entry points into Træfɪk (listening port, SSL, traffic redirection...).
  • Traffic is then forwarded to a matching frontend. A frontend defines routes from entrypoints to backends. Routes are created using requests fields (Host, Path, Headers...) and can match or not a request.
  • The frontend will then send the request to a backend. A backend can be composed by one or more servers, and by a load-balancing strategy.
  • Finally, the server will forward the request to the corresponding microservice in the private network.

Entrypoints

Entrypoints are the network entry points into Træfɪk. They can be defined using:

  • a port (80, 443...)
  • SSL (Certificates. Keys...)
  • redirection to another entrypoint (redirect HTTP to HTTPS)

Here is an example of entrypoints definition:

[entryPoints]
  [entryPoints.http]
  address = ":80"
    [entryPoints.http.redirect]
    entryPoint = "https"
  [entryPoints.https]
  address = ":443"
    [entryPoints.https.tls]
      [[entryPoints.https.tls.certificates]]
      certFile = "tests/traefik.crt"
      keyFile = "tests/traefik.key"
  • Two entrypoints are defined http and https.
  • http listens on port 80 and https on port 443.
  • We enable SSL on https by giving a certificate and a key.
  • We also redirect all the traffic from entrypoint http to https.

Frontends

A frontend is a set of rules that forwards the incoming traffic from an entrypoint to a backend. Frontends can be defined using the following rules:

  • Headers: Content-Type, application/json: Headers adds a matcher for request header values. It accepts a sequence of key/value pairs to be matched.
  • HeadersRegexp: Content-Type, application/(text|json): Regular expressions can be used with headers as well. It accepts a sequence of key/value pairs, where the value has regex support.
  • Host: traefik.io, www.traefik.io: Match request host with given host list.
  • HostRegexp: traefik.io, {subdomain:[a-z]+}.traefik.io: Adds a matcher for the URL hosts. It accepts templates with zero or more URL variables enclosed by {}. Variables can define an optional regexp pattern to be matched.
  • Method: GET, POST, PUT: Method adds a matcher for HTTP methods. It accepts a sequence of one or more methods to be matched.
  • Path: /products/, /articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}: Path adds a matcher for the URL paths. It accepts templates with zero or more URL variables enclosed by {}.
  • PathStrip: Same as Path but strip the given prefix from the request URL's Path.
  • PathPrefix: PathPrefix adds a matcher for the URL path prefixes. This matches if the given template is a prefix of the full URL path.
  • PathPrefixStrip: Same as PathPrefix but strip the given prefix from the request URL's Path.

You can use multiple rules by separating them by ;

You can optionally enable passHostHeader to forward client Host header to the backend.

Here is an example of frontends definition:

[frontends]
  [frontends.frontend1]
  backend = "backend2"
    [frontends.frontend1.routes.test_1]
    rule = "Host: test.localhost, test2.localhost"
  [frontends.frontend2]
  backend = "backend1"
  passHostHeader = true
  priority = 10
  entrypoints = ["https"] # overrides defaultEntryPoints
    [frontends.frontend2.routes.test_1]
    rule = "Host: localhost, {subdomain:[a-z]+}.localhost"
  [frontends.frontend3]
  backend = "backend2"
    rule = "Host: test3.localhost;Path:/test"
  • Three frontends are defined: frontend1, frontend2 and frontend3
  • frontend1 will forward the traffic to the backend2 if the rule Host: test.localhost, test2.localhost is matched
  • frontend2 will forward the traffic to the backend1 if the rule Host: localhost, {subdomain:[a-z]+}.localhost is matched (forwarding client Host header to the backend)
  • frontend3 will forward the traffic to the backend2 if the rules Host: test3.localhost and Path:/test are matched

By default, routes will be sorted using rules length (to avoid path overlap): PathPrefix:/12345 will be matched before PathPrefix:/1234 that will be matched before PathPrefix:/1.

You can customize priority by frontend:

  [frontends]
    [frontends.frontend1]
    backend = "backend1"
    priority = 10
    passHostHeader = true
      [frontends.frontend1.routes.test_1]
      rule = "PathPrefix:/to"
    [frontends.frontend2]
    priority = 5
    backend = "backend2"
    passHostHeader = true
      [frontends.frontend2.routes.test_1]
      rule = "PathPrefix:/toto"

Backends

A backend is responsible to load-balance the traffic coming from one or more frontends to a set of http servers. Various methods of load-balancing is supported:

  • wrr: Weighted Round Robin
  • drr: Dynamic Round Robin: increases weights on servers that perform better than others. It also rolls back to original weights if the servers have changed.

A circuit breaker can also be applied to a backend, preventing high loads on failing servers. Initial state is Standby. CB observes the statistics and does not modify the request. In case if condition matches, CB enters Tripped state, where it responds with predefines code or redirects to another frontend. Once Tripped timer expires, CB enters Recovering state and resets all stats. In case if the condition does not match and recovery timer expires, CB enters Standby state.

It can be configured using:

  • Methods: LatencyAtQuantileMS, NetworkErrorRatio, ResponseCodeRatio
  • Operators: AND, OR, EQ, NEQ, LT, LE, GT, GE

For example:

  • NetworkErrorRatio() > 0.5: watch error ratio over 10 second sliding window for a frontend
  • LatencyAtQuantileMS(50.0) > 50: watch latency at quantile in milliseconds.
  • ResponseCodeRatio(500, 600, 0, 600) > 0.5: ratio of response codes in range [500-600) to [0-600)

To proactively prevent backends from being overwhelmed with high load, a maximum connection limit can also be applied to each backend.

Maximum connections can be configured by specifying an integer value for maxconn.amount and maxconn.extractorfunc which is a strategy used to determine how to categorize requests in order to evaluate the maximum connections.

For example:

[backends]
  [backends.backend1]
    [backends.backend1.maxconn]
       amount = 10
       extractorfunc = "request.host"
  • backend1 will return HTTP code 429 Too Many Requests if there are already 10 requests in progress for the same Host header.
  • Another possible value for extractorfunc is client.ip which will categorize requests based on client source ip.
  • Lastly extractorfunc can take the value of request.header.ANY_HEADER which will categorize requests based on ANY_HEADER that you provide.

Servers

Servers are simply defined using a URL. You can also apply a custom weight to each server (this will be used by load-balancing).

Here is an example of backends and servers definition:

[backends]
  [backends.backend1]
    [backends.backend1.circuitbreaker]
      expression = "NetworkErrorRatio() > 0.5"
    [backends.backend1.servers.server1]
    url = "http://172.17.0.2:80"
    weight = 10
    [backends.backend1.servers.server2]
    url = "http://172.17.0.3:80"
    weight = 1
  [backends.backend2]
    [backends.backend2.LoadBalancer]
      method = "drr"
    [backends.backend2.servers.server1]
    url = "http://172.17.0.4:80"
    weight = 1
    [backends.backend2.servers.server2]
    url = "http://172.17.0.5:80"
    weight = 2
  • Two backends are defined: backend1 and backend2
  • backend1 will forward the traffic to two servers: http://172.17.0.2:80" with weight 10 and http://172.17.0.3:80 with weight 1 using default wrr load-balancing strategy.
  • backend2 will forward the traffic to two servers: http://172.17.0.4:80" with weight 1 and http://172.17.0.5:80 with weight 2 using drr load-balancing strategy.
  • a circuit breaker is added on backend1 using the expression NetworkErrorRatio() > 0.5: watch error ratio over 10 second sliding window

Launch

Træfɪk can be configured using a TOML file configuration, arguments, or both. By default, Træfɪk will try to find a traefik.toml in the following places:

  • /etc/traefik/
  • $HOME/.traefik/
  • . the working directory

You can override this by setting a configFile argument:

$ traefik --configFile=foo/bar/myconfigfile.toml

Træfɪk uses the following precedence order. Each item takes precedence over the item below it:

  • arguments
  • configuration file
  • default

It means that arguments overrides configuration file. Each argument is described in the help section:

$ traefik --help